Irregular Korean passive verbs with (-이/히/리/기) suffix = to be V-ed

Irregular Korean passive verbs with (-이/히/리/기) suffix = to be V-ed

Usage:
- Irregular passive verbs with (-이/히/리/기) suffix are used to express a passive statement when the subject's action occurs because of an action directly/indirectly performed by someone else/something = to be V-ed

- The irregular passive verbs must be memorized (similar to irregular verbs in English)

List of typical -이/히/리/기 passive verbs:

이: Verb stems that have no 받침, or verb stems with a 받침 that doesn’t change it’s sound when it comes before ㅎ (usually ㅎ, ㄲ, ㅍ).
- 바꾸다 = to change –> 바뀌다 = to be changed
- 보다 = to see –> 보이다 = to be seen
- 놓다 = to place –> 놓이다 = to be placed
- 섞다 = to mix –> 섞이다 = to be mixed
- 덮다 = to cover –> 덮이다 = to be covered
- 쓰다 = to use/write  –> 쓰이다 = to be used/written

히: Verb stems with 받침 that does change it’s sound when it comes before ㅎ (usually ㅂ, ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅈ).
- 잡다 = to catch –> 잡히다 = to be caught
- 밟다 = to step on –> 밟히다 = to be stepped on
- 막다 = to block –> 막히다 = to be blocked
- 닫다 = to close –> 닫히다 = to be closed
- 잊다 = to forget –> 잊히다 = to be forgotten
- 먹다 = to eat  –> 먹히다 = to be eaten

리: Verb stems with ㄹ 받침, or irregular verbs that change their 받침 to ㄹ in most conjugations (듣다 –> 들어).
- 열다 = to open –> 열리다 = to be opened
- 듣다 = to hear –> 들리다 = to be heard
- 자르다 = to cut –> 잘리다 = to be cut
- 뚫다 = to pierce –> 뚫리다 = to be pierced
- 팔다 = to sell   –> 팔리다 = to be sold
- 밀다 = to push   –> 밀리다 = to be pushed

- 풀다 = to untie –> 풀리다 = to be untied 

- 물다 = to bite –> 물리다 = to be bite 

기: Verb stems with other 받침 that doesn’t change it’s sound when it comes before ㅎ (usually ㅁ, ㄴ, ㅅ, ㅊ).
- 담다 = to fill –> 담기다 = to be filled
- 잠그다 = to lock –> 잠기다 = to be locked
- 안다 = to hold –> 안기다 = to be held
- 씻다 = to wash –> 씻기다 = to be washed
- 쫓다 = to chase –> 쫓기다 = to be chased
- 끊다 = to cut  –> 끊기다 = to be cut off

Structure:

1. N2이/가 N1에/게 V-이/히/리/기 (passive)   <=  N1이가 N2을/를 V  (active)

E.g. 

범인이 경찰에게 잡혔어요.

The criminal was caught by the police.

2. N이/가 V-이/히/리/기 (passive) <= N을/를 V  (active)

E.g. 

제 전화번호가 바뀌었어요.

My phone number has changed.

3. N2이/가 N1에 V-이/히/리/기+아/어 있다 (passive) <= N1에 N2을/를 V (active)

E.g. 

시계가 벽에 걸려 있어요.

The clock is hanging on the wall.

Examples

1.  아이가 할아버지에게 안겼어요. (피동) -- 아이가 인형을 안아요. (능동)

The child was held by the grandfather (Passive verb) -- The child hugs a doll. (Active verb)

2. 문이 열렸어요. / 열려 있어요. (마리 씨가 문을 열어요.)

The door is opened./ the door is open. (Mary opens the door).

3. 바다가 보여요 (나는 바다를 봐요).

The beach is seen by me (I see the beach).

4. 주소가 바뀌었어요 (나는 주소를 바꾸었어요).

The address was changed (I changed my address).

5. 도둑이 경찰에게 잡혔어요 (경찰이 도둑을 잡았어요).

The thief was arrested by the policeman (The policeman arrested the thief).

6. 그 책은 많은 사람들에게 읽힙니다 (많은 사람들이 그 책을 읽습니다).

That book is read by lots of people (Lots of people read that book).

7. 밖에서 음악 소리가 들려요 (음악 소리를 들어요).

The music sound is heard outside. (I hear the music sound).

8. 요즘 이 잡지가 잘 팔려요 (잡지를 팔아요).

This magazine is sold very well these days.

9. 전화가 끊겼어요 (전화를 끊었어요).

The telephone was disconnected.

10. 쥐가 고양이에게 (cat) 쫓겨요. (고양이가 쥐를 쫓아요).

A mouse is chased by a cat. (A cat chased a mouse).

"Special passive verbs" describe state of object: V-이/히/리/기 +아/어 있다 

1. 문에 3급반이라고 쓰여 있어요.

The level 3 class is written on the door.

2. 교실 문이 잠겨 있어요.

The classroom's door is (being) locked.

3. 창문이 닫혀 있어요.

The window is close.

4. 가방이 열려 있어요.

The bag is open.

5. 책상 위에 예쁜 꽃병이 놓여 있어요.

A flower vase is put on the table.

6. 휴게실에 그림이 여러 개 걸려 있어요.

Many types of drawings is hung in the lounge.

V-아/어지다 grammar = to be V-ed ~a passive form that is used with verbs without -이/히/리/기-affix

V-아/어지다 grammar = to be V-ed ~a passive form used with verbs without -이/히/리/기-affix

Usage

- V-아/어지다 is used to express a passive statement when the subject's action occurs because of an action directly/indirectly performed by someone else/something = get V-ed 

- V-아/어지다 is mostly used with verbs without -이/히/리/기- affix.

Tense

(Present) Verb + 아/어지다

켜다 -> 켜지다 (be turned on) 

꺼다 -> 꺼지다 (be turned off)

쏟다 -> 쏟아지다 (be spilled out)

깨다 -> 깨지다 (be broken)

고치다 -> 고쳐지다 (be fixed)

(Past) Verb + 아/어졌어요

켜다 -> 켜졌다 (was turned on) 

꺼다 -> 꺼졌다 (was turned off)

쏟다 -> 쏟아졌다 (was spilled out)

깨다 -> 깨졌다 (was broken)

고치다 -> 고쳐졌다 (was fixed)

(Future) Verb + 아/어질 거예요

쏟다 -> 쏟아질 거예요 (will be spilled out)

깨다 -> 깨질 거예요 (will be broken)

고치다 -> 고쳐질 거예요 (will be fixed)

Specific usage:

1. Active and passive form conversion

E.g.

Active: 접시를 깼어요. \\ Passive: 접시가 깨졌어요. 

I broke the disk. \\  The disk was broken.

2. In recent years, -이/히/리/기- passive verbs can also be used in form of -아/어지다

E.g. 

전화가 끊겼어요. / 전화가 끊어졌어요. 

The phone call was ended.

공책에 글씨가 쓰여 있어요./ 써져 있어요. 

Letters are written on the notebook.

3. A-아/어지다 = to get/become A ~ express a change in state over time. (See A-아/어지다 grammar for details.)

E.g.

요즘은 물건 값이 비싸졌어요. 

The expense cost has recently become expensive.

미나 씨가 정말 예뻐졌어요. 

Mina has really become pretty.

날씨는 주말에 추워졌어요. 

The weather got cold over the weekend

Examples

1. 우리 반 친구들하고 언제 식사할까요?
- 저는 아무 때나 괜찮아요. 약속이 정해지면 알려 주세요.

When shall we eat with our classmates?
- Anytime is fine with me. Please let me know when it gets decided.

2. 왜 그렇게 힘들게 쓰고 있어요?
- 볼펜이 안 좋은 것 같아요. 글씨가 잘 안 써져요.

Why do you look so hard on writing?
- I think there is a problem with my pen. It doesn’t write well.

3. 텔레비전이 안 켜져요. 고장이 난 것 같아요.

My TV doesn’t turn on. It seems broken.

4. 커피가 다 쏟아져서 내 옷에 얼룩이 생겼어요.

The coffee spilled out, so my clothes got stained.

5. 누가 유리창을 깼어요?
- 잘 모르겠어요. 아침에 보니까 깨져 있었어요.

Who did the window glass get broken?
- I don’t know. It was broken since I saw in the morning.

6.  날씨가 너무 추우니까 빨리 봄이 오면 좋겠어요.
- 저도 봄이 기다려져요. 봄이 되면 예쁜 꽃도 보고 싶어요.

It will be better when the spring comes since the weather is really cold (now).
- I also wait for spring. When it is spring, I want to see beautiful flowers.

7.  왜 자꾸 다시 물어봐요?
- 수미 씨가 결혼한다는 사실이 안 믿어져요.

Why do you keep asking me again?
- I can’t believe the fact that Sumi is getting married.

8. 마크가 스크립트에 써졌어요./쓰였어요.

The mark was written on the script.

9. 아까 방 불이 다 꺼졌어요.

All the room lights were turned off a while ago.

10. 다행히 내 휴대폰이 무료로 고쳐졌어요

Luckily, my phone was fixed freely.

V-게 되다 grammar = get V-ed, end up V-ing ~passive form without subject’s will

V-게 되다 grammar = get V-ed, end up V-ing ~express passive form without subject’s will

Usage:
- Express the passive form without involvement of subject’s will (mostly by chance or fate)

Tense:

(Past tense) Verb + -게 되었어요

가다 --> 가게 되었어요.

먹다 --> 먹게 되었어요.

살다 --> 살게 되었어요.

받다 --> 받게 되었어요.

잘하다 --> 잘하게 되었어요.

(Present tense) Verb + -게 돼요 

가다 --> 가게 돼요.

살다 --> 살게 돼요.

먹다 --> 먹게 돼요.

잘하다 --> 잘하게 돼요.

(Future tense) Verb + -게 될 거예요 

가다 --> 가게 될 거예요.

살다 --> 살게 될 거예요.

잘하다 --> 잘하게 될 거예요.

Specific usage:

1. V-게 되었어요 = the situation has come to true at present or has been decided.

그 회사에 취직하게 되었어요.

I ended up getting a job at that company.

2. Using this expression is a more gentle and indirect way to tell another person, instead of using its direct form

그 회사에 취직했어요./취직하게 되었어요. 

I got a job at that company./ I ended up getting a job at that company.

3. It can also express the result of a change.

친구들과 노래방에 가서 연습하니까 노래를 잘하게 되었어요. 

After going to the karaoke shop to practice with my friends often, I have come to sing well.

Examples:

1. 민아 씨가 입원했다면서요?
- 며칠 전에 교통사고가 나서 입원하게 되었어요.

Is it true that Mina is in the hospital?
- She got in a traffic accident a few days ago and was hospitalized.

2. 요즘에 남편하고 사이가 좋졌어요?
- 네, 서로 이야기를 많이 한 후에 잘 이해하게 되었어요.

Have you gotten along with your husband lately?
- Yes, we came to understand each other after we talked a lot about things.

3. 한국으로 유학을 와서 서울에 살게 되었어요.

I came to Korea to study, and I came to live in Seoul.

4. 친구가 이 가게를 좋아하니까 저도 자주 오게 돼요.

Because my friend likes this store, I have came to it often, too.

5. 내년에 친구들 다 고향으로 돌아가고 저만 혼자 한국에 남게 될 것 같아요.

Next year, all my friends will go back home, and it seems I will will be left alone in Korea.

6. 남편 직장 때문에 부산으로 이사를 가게 되었어요.

Because of my husband work changes, I came to move to Busan.

7. 지금 살고 있는 방을 어떻게 찾았어요?
- 친구의 소개로 찾게 되었어요.

How did you find the room that you are living now?
- I came to find it via the introduction of my friend.

8. 처음부터 혼자 살았어요?
- 지난달에 같이 살던 친구가 이사를 가서 혼자 살게 되었어요.

Did you live alone since beginning?
- Last month my roommate moved, so I came to live alone.

9. 안나 씨를 어떻게 알아요?
- 지난 학기에 같은 수업을 들어서 알게 되었어요.

How do you know Anna?
- Last semester, we took the same lecture, so I came  to know her.

10. 그 여자랑 사랑에 빠지게 되었어요.

I ended up falling in love with her.

단어 사동사 (-이/히/리/기/우/추-) irregular causative verbs = subject cause/do something for someone

단어 사동사 (-이/히/리/기/우/추-) irregular causative verbs = subject make/let/cause/do sth for someone ~subject performs direct action for someone

Usage:
- 사동사 irregular causative verbs indicate that the subject performs direct action for someone = subject make/let/cause/do something for/to another.
- 사동사 is often used for some adjectives and verbs 

Structure:

1. N을/를 V-이/히/리/기/우   <= N이/가 V : subject make/let/cause someone do something

철수가 영희를 울려요.           <= 영희가 울어요.

Cheolsu makes Yeonghee cry. <= Younghee cries.

고양이가 쥐를 죽였어요. <= 쥐가 죽었어요.

A cat killed a mouse.     <= A mouse died.

내가 친구를 웃겼어요.     <= 친구가 웃었어요.

I made my friend laugh.  <= My friend laughed.

우리가 택시를 세웠어요. <= 택시가 섰어요.

We stopped the taxi.     <= The taxi was stopped.

2. N1에게 N2을/를 V-이/히/리/기/우   <= N1이/가 N2을/를 V : subject do something for another.

어머니가 아이에게 우유를 먹여요. <= 아이가 우유를 먹어요.

Mother feeds milk for her baby.     <=  The baby drinks milk.

선생님께서 학생들에게 책을 읽혀요. <= 학생들이 책을 읽어요.

Teacher tell students read book.      <= Students read book.

영희는 윌슨에게 그 일을 맡겼어요.           <= 윌슨이 그 일을 맡았어요.

Younghee entrusted that work to Wilson  <= Wilson took that work.

Specific usage:

1. Some verbs have identical passive and causative forms, but they can be differentiated by the contexts.

E.g.

이 책은 많은 사람들에게 읽혔어요.

This book has been read by many people  (Passive)

선생님은 학생에게 책을 읽혔어요.

The teacher made the student read the book (Causative)

2. -아/어 주다  can be also added to the causative verbs

E.g. 

안나는 더러워진 고양이를 씻겼어요. 

= 안나는 더러워진 고양이를 씻겨 줬어요 

Anna gave the dirty cat a bath.

엄마는 아이에게 예쁜 구두를 신겼어요. 

= 엄마는 아이에게 예쁜 구두를 신겨 줬어요.

The mother had the child wear pretty shoes.

List of typical -이/히/리/기/우/추- causative verbs:

Suffix	Verb Base	Causative Verb	Example and Gloss
이	먹다	먹이다	저는 8시에 아기에게 우유를 먹여요.
	to eat	to feed	I feed my baby milk at 8 o'clock.
	보다	보이다	안내하는 직원에게 신분증을 보이세요.
	to see	to show	Please show the attendant your ID.
	죽다	죽이다	개미도 죽이지 마세요.
	to die	to kill	Please don't kill even an ant.
	속다	속이다	사람들을 언제나 속일 수 없어요.
	to be cheated	to cheat, to fool	You can't fool the people all the time.
	줄다	줄이다	바지를 줄여야 해요.
	to shrink, to decrease	to shrink, to reduce	I have to shorten my pants.
	높다	높이다	저 건물을 더 높인대요?
	to be high	to raise, to make tall	Are they going to make the building higher?
	녹다	녹이다	눈을 녹여서 물을 썼어요.
	to melt	to melt	I melted the snow to use as water.
히	읽다	읽히다	선생님께서 저에게 책을 읽히셨어요.
	to read	to make read	My teacher told me read the book.
	앉다	앉히다	그 의자에 아기를 혼자 앉히지 마세요.
	to sit down	to seat	Please don't let the baby sit on the chair alone.
	입다	입히다	아침에 동생에게 코트를 입혀 줬어요.
	to put on (clothes)	to dress, to put on (someone)	I put the coat on my little sister in the morning.
	넓다	넓히다	이 길은 넓혀야 해요.
	to be wide	to widen	This road has to be widened.
	익다	익히다	야채는 너무 익히면 맛이 없어요.
	to be cooked, to become ripe	to cook, to make done/ripe	Vegetables do not taste good when overcooked.
	식다	식히다	너무 뜨거우면 식히세요.
	to cool off	to cool it off	If it is too hot, please cool it off.
리	알다	알리다	도착 시간을 알려 주세요.
	to know	to inform	Please let me know the arrival time.
	울다	울리다	그 영화가 사람들을 울렸어요.
	to cry, to weep	to make (someone) cry	The movie made people weep.
	살다	살리다	저 개가 어린이를 살렸어요.
	to live	to make one live, to save	The dog saved a child.
	돌다	돌리다	문을 열려면 핸들을 돌리세요.
	to go around	to turn	To open the door, turn the handle.
	늘다	늘리다	수출을 10퍼센트 늘렸다.
	to increase	to increase	We increased exports by 10 percent.
기	웃다	웃기다	그 분은 사람들을 잘 웃겨요.
	to laugh	to make laugh	He makes people laugh a lot.
	맡다	맡기다	누구에게 이 책임을 맡길까요?
	to keep	to entrust, to check	To whom shall I give this responsibility?
	벗다	벗기다	제가 아기 신발을 벗겼어요.
	to take off	to undress, to strip	I took off the baby's shoes.
	신다	신기다	아기 신발을 다시 신길까요?
	to put on (shoes)	to put on (shoes)	Shall I put the shoes back on the baby?
	숨다	숨기다	나는 너에게 숨기는 것이 없어.
	to hide	to hide, to conceal	I have nothing to hide from you.
	씻다	씻기다	도로가 비에 깨끗이 씻기었다.
	to wash	to let wash	The road was washed clean by the rain.
	빗다	빗기다	머리를 빗겨 줄까?
	to comb	to comb	Shall I comb your hair?
우	자다	재우다	엄마가 아기를 재우고 있어요.
	to sleep	to put to bed	Mother is putting the baby to sleep.
	깨다	깨우다	아침 7 시에 좀 깨워 주세요.
	to be awake	to wake	Would you wake me up at 7:00 a.m.?
	타다	태우다	엄마가 아이를 학교 버스에 태웠어요.
	to get on, to ride	to load, to put on (a vehicle)	Mother put her child on the school bus.
	서다	세우다	차를 기차역 앞에서 세워주세요.
	to stand, to stop	to stop, to erect	Please stop the car in front of the train station.
	비다	비우다	쓰레기통을 좀 비워 주시겠어요?
	to be empty/vacant	to vacate, to empty	Would you empty the wastebasket?
구	돋다	돋구다	운동은 밥맛을 돋구어 준다.
	to rise, to sprout	to enhance	Exercise enhances one's appetite.
추	낮다	낮추다	음악을 낮추어 주시겠어요?
	to be low	to lower	Would you lower the volume of the music?
	늦다	늦추다	한 달은 너무 짧으니 기간을 좀 늦춥시다.
	to be late	to extend, to defer	One month is too short; let's extend it.
	맞다	맞추다	몸에 맞추어 옷을 맡겼어요.
	to fit, to be correct	to set, to match	I put the dress on to fit my body.

Comparison between 피동사 passive form, 사동사 irregular causative form, and regular causative form (-게 하다):

- Regular causative form (-게 하다):  the subject makes someone do action.

- Irregular causative form (사동사): the subject of sentence performs direct action for someone 

- Passive form (피동사): No need for the subject to actively cause another to do the action. (i.e. -아/어 지다).